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  • What is truncation in Italian? [Rules and audio examples]


    What is Truncation?

    Truncation, known as troncamento is the linguistic phenomenon where certain words are shortened when used in specific contexts to create a more informal expression or a more rhythmic or concise phrase.

    Truncation is especially common with adjectives that precede masculine nouns and it must be distinguished from elision, which is the removal of a vowel and is indicated with an apostrophe (like l’amico for lo amico).

    In Italian, truncation is more common in spoken language than in written language. However, some truncated words entered the Italian lexicon in their new truncated form and are used that way.

    Let me show you some examples of truncation in Italian:

    • Grande often becomes gran, as in un gran giorno (a great day).
    • Santo becomes San before a consonant, like San Marco instead of Santo Marco.
    • Buono becomes buon as in un buon amico (a good friend).

    You can try it yourself: say the word buongiorno and hear how it easily rolls off the tongue, resulting also more pleasing to the ear. If you’re interested in developing a better ear for these nuances, focus on how to develop pronunciation skills.

    Truncation in Italian

    Buono

    In Italian, truncation affects the word buono in a way that is very similar to how definite articles behave.

    Just as the definite articles il and lo are used in different contexts based on the noun they precede, buono is truncated to adapt to the sound and flow of the sentence, especially before a singular masculine noun starting with a consonant or a vowel.

    Exceptions apply for singular masculine nouns starting with z, gn, ps, s followed by another consonant.

    For example:

    Stefano ha un buono stipendio, ma non un buon superiore.

    Stefano has a good salary but not a good boss.

    Bello

    Also the adjective bello (beautiful) undergoes truncation in a way that is very similar to that of definite articles. In fact, it becomes bel when it comes before a singular masculine noun that would normally take il as the definite article.

    Dovresti leggerlo, è un bel libro.

    You should read it, it is a good book.

    I created a table that shows the comparison between the adjective bello and definite articles:

    Noun Definite Article Form of “Bello” Example with Definite Article Example with “Bello”
    Libro (book) Il Bel Il libro Bel libro
    Zaino (backpack) Lo Bello Lo zaino Bello zaino
    Amico (friend) L’ Bell’ L’amico Bell’amico
    Libri (books) I Bei I libri Bei libri
    Studenti (students) Gli Begli Gli studenti Begli studenti
    Casa (house) La Bella La casa Bella casa
    Amica (female friend) L’ Bell’ L’amica Bell’amica
    Case (houses) Le Belle Le case Belle case

    Uno

    Uno is an indefinite article used used before singular masculine nouns that begin with a consonant cluster, namely a consonant followed by another consonant.

    However, when uno precedes a singular masculine noun that starts with a regular consonant or vowel, it truncates to un. This is why saying un’albero is incorrect: the proper form is un albero.

    The truncation rule applies here because albero (tree) is a masculine noun starting with a vowel, and in Italian, the indefinite article un does exist and is used specifically before singular masculine nouns that begin with a vowel.

    The use of an apostrophe with un is reserved for feminine nouns only, as in un’amica (a female friend).

    Truncated Words That Entered the Lexicon

    As I mentioned at the beginning of this article, truncated forms are so prevalent in Italian that some of them became the default way of expressing certain phrases, evolving into fixed expressions within the language.

    Over time, these truncations have let to the creation of compound words, that result from merging two words into one unified expression that is now a standard in the Italian lexicon.

    For example, buongiorno (good morning) and buonanotte (good night) are formed by combining buon or buona (good) with giorno (day) and notte (night), respectively.

    This process of truncation and compounding reflects the dynamic nature of the Italian language, where convenience and fluidity in communication often shape the evolution of words and phrases.

    Understanding Truncation

    Truncation isn’t arbitrary: it is governed by specific rules related to the phonology of words. Truncation rules are not just about making the language sound prettier, but they are about efficiency and fluidity.

    Italian speakers value a rhythmical and harmonious flow in their speech. If you want to learn Italian, understanding these phonetic and grammatical rules is vital.

    Learning why Italians say buongiorno instead of buono giorno opens a window into the beauty and complexity of the Italian language.



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  • Using Greeting and Parting Expressions – Part 1

    Using Greeting and Parting Expressions – Part 1


    Hi everybody, I’m Seda Süreel. Herkese merhaba, ben Seda Süreel. Welcome to another Whiteboard Lessons. In this lesson, you will learn Turkish greetings and parting expressions. Let’s get started. Okay, let’s look at the vocabulary. First, we have Günaydın, Good morning. This derived from gün meaning they and aydın meaning bright. The literal meaning refers to wishing someone a bright day ahead. The greeting is used in the morning. Merhaba, hello. It comes from the Arabic phrase merhaba meaning welcome. Merhaba is commonly used not only in Turkish but also in many other languages influenced by Arabic. Selam, hello, peace, hi. It again comes from the Arabic word selam meaning peace. It’s a casual and friendly greeting among acquaintances and friends. İyi günler, good day. İyi günler is more generic and formal greeting than günaydın or merhaba. It is used until 6 pm. İyi akşamlar, good evening. İyi akşamlar is a polite and appropriate greeting as the day transitions into the evening. It is used from 6 pm to 10 pm. İyi geceler, good night. It is used as a farewell when partying in the evening before going to sleep. It is used from 10 pm to 4 am in the morning. And now let’s see our parting expressions. Hoşça kalın, goodbye. Hoşça kal or hoşça kalın is used toward one person. When you say hoşça kal it is toward one person and hoşça kalın it is used toward more than one person or for polite situations. It is a compound of hoşça, hoş meaning pleasant and kal meaning stay. So literal translation, literal meaning is similar to stay well or stay pleasant. And it can be used at any time of the day when parting. Okay, güle güle, bye bye. This phrase comes from the word laugh or smile, gülmek. Güle güle conveys the idea of parting with a smile wishing the person joy. It can be used at any time of the day again. Görüşmek üzere, see you soon. It translates directly as like until we see each other. Görüşmek üzere reflects the hope for future encounters or reunions. And it can be used at any time of the day. Okay, Allahaısmarladık, Allahaısmarladık or Allahaısmarladık, Allahaısmarladık. That’s how we say it, Allahaısmarladık, farewell. The literal meaning of Allahaısmarladık is we entrust ourselves to God, to Allah. Even though it contains a deep religious reference it is used commonly in daily conversations like casual conversations without referencing a religion. So you can use it, okay? Okay, now let’s now look at our short, very very short dialogue. Imagine two friends exchanging greetings as they pass by each other. We can find out the day, the time of the day from the dialogue. Günaydın, günaydın, günaydın, günaydın. The two friends greet each other with günaydın indicating that it is the morning. The repetition günaydın, günaydın of these two greetings reinforces the friendly and polite nature of the interaction, okay? When somebody says günaydın you can say günaydın back. In Turkish culture when you meet someone who is close to you it is very common to exchange hugs or kisses as a greeting. And we kiss on each cheek and we do it like this, not kiss but make a pretend kiss and we do it like this, not kiss but make a pretend kiss and make the sound. But if you don’t know or that person or if you don’t have a close relationship with that person it is customary to shake hands. And if the person is kind of more religious you can just put your hand on your heart and you can just bow a little. That’s also how you greet. You can do this with your head, okay?





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  • Core Words: How to Say “Candy,” “Meat,” and More!

    Core Words: How to Say “Candy,” “Meat,” and More!


    Hi everybody, my name is Thomas. Welcome to the 2000 Core Dutch Words and Phrases video series! Each lesson will help you learn new words, practice, and review what you’ve learned. Ok! Let’s get started! First is… WORD 1 (NORMAL SPEED) gerst (NORMAL SPEED) “barley” (NORMAL SPEED) gerst (SLOW) gerst (NORMAL SPEED) “barley” (NORMAL SPEED) Gerst wordt voor van alles gebruikt, van gezonde voeding tot bier en whisky. (NORMAL SPEED) “Barley is used for everything from health food to beer and whiskey.” (SLOW) Gerst wordt voor van alles gebruikt, van gezonde voeding tot bier en whisky. WORD 2 (NORMAL SPEED) vlees (NORMAL SPEED) “meat” (NORMAL SPEED) vlees (SLOW) vlees (NORMAL SPEED) “meat” (NORMAL SPEED) vlees fijnhakken (NORMAL SPEED) “chopping meat” (SLOW) vlees fijnhakken WORD 3 (NORMAL SPEED) zoetigheid (NORMAL SPEED) “sweets” (NORMAL SPEED) zoetigheid (SLOW) zoetigheid (NORMAL SPEED) “sweets” (NORMAL SPEED) Ik houd van zoetigheid, vooral chocolade. (NORMAL SPEED) “I like sweets, chocolate in particular.” (SLOW) Ik houd van zoetigheid, vooral chocolade. WORD 4 (NORMAL SPEED) snoep (NORMAL SPEED) “candy” (NORMAL SPEED) snoep (SLOW) snoep (NORMAL SPEED) “candy” (NORMAL SPEED) Op de verjaardag van mijn dochter hebben we een piñata gevuld met snoep. (NORMAL SPEED) “We are having a piñata filled with candy at my daughter’s birthday party.” (SLOW) Op de verjaardag van mijn dochter hebben we een piñata gevuld met snoep. WORD 5 (NORMAL SPEED) grapefruit (NORMAL SPEED) “grapefruit” (NORMAL SPEED) grapefruit (SLOW) grapefruit (NORMAL SPEED) “grapefruit” (NORMAL SPEED) Mijn moeder at altijd een halve grapefruit bij het ontbijt. (NORMAL SPEED) “My mother always ate half of a grapefruit at breakfast.” (SLOW) Mijn moeder at altijd een halve grapefruit bij het ontbijt. WORD 6 (NORMAL SPEED) veenbes (NORMAL SPEED) “cranberry” (NORMAL SPEED) veenbes (SLOW) veenbes (NORMAL SPEED) “cranberry” (NORMAL SPEED) gedroogde veenbes (NORMAL SPEED) “dried cranberry” (SLOW) gedroogde veenbes WORD 7 (NORMAL SPEED) gember (NORMAL SPEED) “ginger” (NORMAL SPEED) gember (SLOW) gember (NORMAL SPEED) “ginger” (NORMAL SPEED) De specerij gember wordt gebruikt bij het koken en als medicijn. (NORMAL SPEED) “The spice ginger is used for cooking and medicine.” (SLOW) De specerij gember wordt gebruikt bij het koken en als medicijn. WORD 8 (NORMAL SPEED) olijfolie (NORMAL SPEED) “olive oil” (NORMAL SPEED) olijfolie (SLOW) olijfolie (NORMAL SPEED) “olive oil” (NORMAL SPEED) olijfolie in een pot (NORMAL SPEED) “olive oil in a jar” (SLOW) olijfolie in een pot WORD 9 (NORMAL SPEED) kruid (NORMAL SPEED) “spice” (NORMAL SPEED) kruid (SLOW) kruid (NORMAL SPEED) “spice” (NORMAL SPEED) Kruiden en smaakmakers staan in gangpad zes. (NORMAL SPEED) “Spices and seasonings are on aisle six.” (SLOW) Kruiden en smaakmakers staan in gangpad zes. WORD 10 (NORMAL SPEED) saus (NORMAL SPEED) “sauce” (NORMAL SPEED) saus (SLOW) saus (NORMAL SPEED) “sauce” (NORMAL SPEED) Waar is de saus? (NORMAL SPEED) “Where is the sauce?” (SLOW) Waar is de saus? PRACTICE/REVIEW Let’s review. Respond to the prompts by speaking aloud. First, you will hear a word or phrase in English. Respond in Dutch, then repeat after me, focusing on pronunciation. Ready? (Do you remember how to say “barley?” Review 1) (3) (2) (1) gerst (1) gerst (And how to say “meat?” Review 2) (3) (2) (1) vlees (1) vlees (What about “sweets?” Review 3) (3) (2) (1) zoetigheid (1) zoetigheid (Do you remember how to say “candy?” Review 4) (3) (2) (1) snoep (1) snoep (Let’s try “grapefruit!” Review 5) (3) (2) (1) grapefruit (1) grapefruit (What about “cranberry?” Review 6) (3) (2) (1) veenbes (1) veenbes (Now, let’s see if you remember how to say “ginger!” Review 7) (3) (2) (1) gember (1) gember (Another one! What about “olive oil?” Review 8) (3) (2) (1) olijfolie (1) olijfolie (Do you remember how to say “spice?” Review 9) (3) (2) (1) kruid (1) kruid (And finally, do you remember how to say “sauce?” Review 10) (3) (2) (1) saus (1) saus Well done! See you next time! Tot ziens.





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  • Core Words: How to Say “Lunch,” “Dinner,” and More!

    Core Words: How to Say “Lunch,” “Dinner,” and More!


    Hi everybody, my name is Thomas. Welcome to the 2000 Core Dutch Words and Phrases video series! Each lesson will help you learn new words, practice, and review what you’ve learned. Ok! Let’s get started! First is… WORD 1 (NORMAL SPEED) plantaardige olie (NORMAL SPEED) “vegetable oil” (NORMAL SPEED) plantaardige olie (SLOW) plantaardige olie (NORMAL SPEED) “vegetable oil” (NORMAL SPEED) Het eten smaakt lichter wanneer je plantaardige olie gebruikt in plaats van vet. (NORMAL SPEED) “Using vegetable oil instead of lard makes food taste lighter.” (SLOW) Het eten smaakt lichter wanneer je plantaardige olie gebruikt in plaats van vet. WORD 2 (NORMAL SPEED) sesamolie (NORMAL SPEED) “sesame oil” (NORMAL SPEED) sesamolie (SLOW) sesamolie (NORMAL SPEED) “sesame oil” (NORMAL SPEED) Sesamolie is perfect voor het roerbakken van vlees en groenten. (NORMAL SPEED) “Sesame oil is perfect for stir-frying of meats and vegetables.” (SLOW) Sesamolie is perfect voor het roerbakken van vlees en groenten. WORD 3 (NORMAL SPEED) ingrediënt (NORMAL SPEED) “ingredient” (NORMAL SPEED) ingrediënt (SLOW) ingrediënt (NORMAL SPEED) “ingredient” (NORMAL SPEED) Een belangrijk onderdeel van ieder recept is het gebruik van verse ingrediënten. (NORMAL SPEED) “Using fresh ingredients is an important part of any recipe.” (SLOW) Een belangrijk onderdeel van ieder recept is het gebruik van verse ingrediënten. WORD 4 (NORMAL SPEED) meel (NORMAL SPEED) “flour” (NORMAL SPEED) meel (SLOW) meel (NORMAL SPEED) “flour” (NORMAL SPEED) Je moet het meel met water mengen. (NORMAL SPEED) “You need to mix the flour with water.” (SLOW) Je moet het meel met water mengen. WORD 5 (NORMAL SPEED) bakolie (NORMAL SPEED) “cooking oil” (NORMAL SPEED) bakolie (SLOW) bakolie (NORMAL SPEED) “cooking oil” (NORMAL SPEED) plantaardige bakolie (NORMAL SPEED) “vegetable cooking oil” (SLOW) plantaardige bakolie WORD 6 (NORMAL SPEED) lunch (NORMAL SPEED) “lunch” (NORMAL SPEED) lunch (SLOW) lunch (NORMAL SPEED) “lunch” (NORMAL SPEED) Een stevige lunch maakt je ‘s middags slaperig. (NORMAL SPEED) “A big lunch will make you sleepy in the afternoon.” (SLOW) Een stevige lunch maakt je ‘s middags slaperig. WORD 7 (NORMAL SPEED) avondeten (NORMAL SPEED) “dinner” (NORMAL SPEED) avondeten (SLOW) avondeten (NORMAL SPEED) “dinner” (NORMAL SPEED) De familie is avondeten aan het eten. (NORMAL SPEED) “The family is eating dinner.” (SLOW) De familie is avondeten aan het eten. WORD 8 (NORMAL SPEED) voorgerecht (NORMAL SPEED) “appetizer” (NORMAL SPEED) voorgerecht (SLOW) voorgerecht (NORMAL SPEED) “appetizer” (NORMAL SPEED) bord voor voorgerecht (NORMAL SPEED) “appetizer plate” (SLOW) bord voor voorgerecht WORD 9 (NORMAL SPEED) hoofdgerecht (NORMAL SPEED) “main course” (NORMAL SPEED) hoofdgerecht (SLOW) hoofdgerecht (NORMAL SPEED) “main course” (NORMAL SPEED) rundvlees als hoofdgerecht (NORMAL SPEED) “beef for the main course” (SLOW) rundvlees als hoofdgerecht WORD 10 (NORMAL SPEED) thuis koken (NORMAL SPEED) “home cooking” (NORMAL SPEED) thuis koken (SLOW) thuis koken (NORMAL SPEED) “home cooking” (NORMAL SPEED) Ik mis het thuis koken van mijn vrouw het meest wanneer ik op reis ben. (NORMAL SPEED) “When I travel, what I miss most is my wife’s homecooking.” (SLOW) Ik mis het thuis koken van mijn vrouw het meest wanneer ik op reis ben. PRACTICE/REVIEW Let’s review. Respond to the prompts by speaking aloud. First, you will hear a word or phrase in English. Respond in Dutch, then repeat after me, focusing on pronunciation. Ready? (Do you remember how to say “vegetable oil?” Review 1) (3) (2) (1) plantaardige olie (1) plantaardige olie (And how to say “sesame oil?” Review 2) (3) (2) (1) sesamolie (1) sesamolie (What about “ingredient?” Review 3) (3) (2) (1) ingrediënt (1) ingrediënt (Do you remember how to say “flour?” Review 4) (3) (2) (1) meel (1) meel (Let’s try “cooking oil!” Review 5) (3) (2) (1) bakolie (1) bakolie (What about “lunch?” Review 6) (3) (2) (1) lunch (1) lunch (Now, let’s see if you remember how to say “dinner!” Review 7) (3) (2) (1) avondeten (1) avondeten (Another one! What about “appetizer?” Review 8) (3) (2) (1) voorgerecht (1) voorgerecht (Do you remember how to say “main course?” Review 9) (3) (2) (1) hoofdgerecht (1) hoofdgerecht (And finally, do you remember how to say “home cooking?” Review 10) (3) (2) (1) thuis koken (1) thuis koken Well done! See you next time! Tot ziens.





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